CGAP

Bulk Data Entry Defines a gap or friction element.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
CGAP	`EID`	`PID`	`GA`	`GB`	`GO`/`X1`	`X2`	`X3`	`CID`

Examples

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
CGAP	6	6	233	223	3.0	-1.0	1.0

Minimum necessary data when GA and GB are not coincident:

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
CGAP	247	1	233	233

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
`EID`	Unique element identification number. No default (Integer > 0)
`PID`	A PGAP entry identification number. Integer Specifies an identification number for this property. <String> Specifies a user-defined string label for this property. 12 Default = `EID` (Integer > 0 or <String>)
`GA`,`GB`	Connected grid points at ends A and B. No default (Integer > 0; `GA` ≠ `GB`)
`X1`, `X2`, `X3`	Components of the orientation vector, from `GA`, in the displacement coordinate system at `GA`. Default determined automatically. 7 (Real)
`G0`	Alternate method to supply orientation vector, using grid point `G0`. Direction of orientation vector is from `GA` to `G0`. No default (Integer > 0)
`CID`	Element coordinate system identification number. `CID` must be specified if `GA` and `GB` are coincident (distance from `GA` to `GB` < 10^-4). Alternatively: FLIP - reverses the direction of the gap axis. 5 Default = blank (Integer ≥ 0 or FLIP or blank) 2 - 6

Comments

For linear subcases, the CGAP element will produce a linear stiffness matrix which remains linear with the initial stiffness. The stiffness used depends on the value for the initial gap opening (U0 field in the PGAP entry).
The gap element coordinate system is defined by one of the following methods:
- CID: If the coordinate system CID is specified, the element coordinate system is established using that coordinate system. In this case, the element x-axis is in the coordinate system's 1-direction, and the y-axis is in the coordinate system's 2-direction (for rectangular coordinate systems; the 1-direction is the x-direction and the 2-direction is the y-direction). The orientation vector will be ignored in this case.
- CID field blank: If the CID field is blank and the grid points GA and GB are not coincident (distance from GA to GB > 10^-4), the line GA-GB is the element x-axis and the orientation vector lies in the x-y plane (as with the CBEAM element).
- FLIP option: the x-axis of the gap coordinate system is reversed with respect to the default orientation described above. This option is useful when meshes of bodies A and B overlap, rather than have a gap between them. 5
For gaps with coincident nodes (the distance between GA and GB < 1.0e-4), the gap coordinate system must be specified.
In typical applications, leaving the CID field blank is appropriate when the nodes GA and GB obstacle are initially separated. If the meshes of bodies A and B overlap, a coordinate system CID should be specified or the FLIP option should be used as discussed below.
When setting the gap coordinate system CID, it is essential to assure that its x-axis points in the general direction from body A (the one associated with node GA) towards the body B (the one associated with node GB). This will assure that the gap element acts to prevent contact/overlap of these bodies. An incorrect orientation of the x-axis will result in gap elements being ineffective, or will even act to "glue" the bodies together, rather than prevent them from overlapping. The solver checks for such misalignment and prints respective error and warning messages. For more information, refer to the GAPPRM Bulk Data card.
The FLIP option in the CID field is useful when meshes of bodies A and B overlap, rather than have a gap between them. In such cases, the defaults gap axis vector GA-GB would be opposite to the overall direction from body A to body B and therefore would produce a "gluing" effect, rather than a resolution of the contact condition. The FLIP option reverses the default gap direction so that the gap axis correctly points from the bulk of body A towards body B in such cases. The effect of FLIP is equivalent to defining a coordinate system with axis 1 pointing in direction GB-GA, rather then GA-GB.
Aside from setting the FLIP option to correctly resolve the cases with initial penetration, U0 on the PGAP card needs to be properly set to a negative value, or an AUTO option needs to be used in the U0 field.
Alternatively, FLIP can be used to define a simple cable element. If such an arrangement is used, then it should be noted that:
1. F0 corresponds to a pair of forces acting on the ends of the cable (pointing inwards), while U0 corresponds to pre-existing "slack" or extra length in the cable.
2. Gap "open" status corresponds to the cable being "shortened", while "closed" gap status corresponds to the cable being "elongated."
3. Positive gap force reported in the results corresponds to the cable being in tension.
  Note: The force also includes the effect of F0.
The element coordinate system does not rotate as a result of deflections.
If neither coordinate system nor orientation vector are specified, the orientation vector is defined automatically as a vector aligned with the axis of the basic coordinate system that makes the largest angle with the gap direction (gap x-axis).
Initial gap openings are specified on the PGAP entry and not derived from the separation distance between GA and GB.
Forces, which are requested with the FORCE card in the I/O Options or Subcase Information sections, are output in the element coordinate system. F_x is positive for compression.

Figure 1. CGAP Element Coordinate System
Refer to Small Displacement Nonlinear Analysis in the User Guide for more information on using nonlinear gaps.
Heat transfer properties can be defined for Gap elements using the PGAPHT Bulk Data Entry.
String based labels allow for easier visual identification of properties, when being referenced by the elements cards. For more details, refer to String Label Based Input File in the Bulk Data Input File.
This card is represented as a gap or mass element in HyperMesh.